Summary of Chapter 16 – “Who Is the Earth?”

The workings of stage five are far more complex and interconnected than the previous four stages. Instead of killing whole plants and eating them, insect and mammal predators have been engaged to take only portions of a plant and to help the plants in return.  ...

Summary of Chapter 15 – “Who Is the Earth?”

Similar to life in the ocean, life on the land has gone through a succession of larger ecological forms. The first of these five stages was described in the last chapter. The next three are described in this chapter. The stage we are in today will be looked at in the...

Summary of Chapter 14 – “Who Is the Earth?”

About 400 million years ago a single celled algae began to cooperate with others of its kind to create larger, multicellular forms. Using the bacterial invention of cellulose for structure, the red, brown and green seaweeds evolved. They are not plants because they...

Summary of Chapter 13 – “Who Is the Earth?”

Life came to the land as an extension of the cooperative community in the ocean. This community may have lived in the water between grains of decomposed rock, as the first soil; or it may have lived as the hardy symbiosis between fungus, algae and bacteria that is...

Summary of Chapter 12 – “Who Is the Earth?”

The new cooperatively formed eukaryotic cells began themselves to cooperate fairly quickly. Evidence of chains of algae cells goes back almost to the beginnings of these cells themselves. The road to the next cooperative organism ends in multi-cellular creatures...